Urethritis and Cystitis

Urethritis and Cystitis are both lower urinary tract infections which usually occur concurrently.

Causes

• Holding urine for too long
• Inadequate fluid intake
• Women who have frequent sexual activity (As female urethra is short and close to vagina and anus, there is a higher risk for bacteria to enter the urinary tract system during sex).
• Diabetes mellitus
• Congenital abnormality of the urinary system (Uncommon).

Symptoms

• Soreness or pain over lower abdomen
• Haematuria
• Frequent urination
• Painful or burning urination
• Feeling of incomplete emptying of bladder

Investigation

• Mid-stream urine for culture and sensitivities
  To identify the pathogen in urine and suggest effective antibiotics

• Cystoscopy
  Allow direct visualization of urethra and bladder which helps to differentiate between structural and functional problems.

• CT Urogram
  An imaging exam used to evaluate the urinary tract, tumors or stones.

Management

• Antibiotic therapy
  (Complete a course of Antibiotics as instructed by doctor)
• If no fluid restriction, should have 1.5-2L fluid intake per day
• Wipe perineum from front to back
• Can take cranberry juice or food which is rich in vitamin C